Medium enterprises in the society

Globalization has turned the status of the small and medium enterprises in the society. They have raised their standards to achieve the target market, promoting the business operations, perfecting their values, brands and images in the market. Research indicates that the correlation appears to be evident between the business entities and efforts help to boast the opportunities and the image of these small enterprises in the economy. The progress has further been indicated to shift upward from the ability to assimilate high technological demands that are at par with the global standards at all times of the modern consumers.Walnut club is one of these enterprises, in which the brand image is tremendously given the prestige in UK and EU hotels and motels. The restaurant has started the business just recently but has managed to open several outlets in the area. The main branch of the club is in Hathersage, while services of catering music and other traditional arrangements of functions a nd meals are provided by the club. (Walnut Club, 2008). The club provides services to all the categories and class of people and so many people are attracted towards the club.The club deserves the resonance of the people and provides satisfaction to all its members. The club has many international clients and it has observed the movement of these clients for the sake of fame and image. b) Aims and objectives of the study To effectively determine how small and medium enterprises are able to promote the value and brand image for higher productivity and profitability amidst the highly dynamic global competition, this study seeks to attain the several aims and objectives.To begin with, using Walnut Club as one of the most successful business in the group of small and medium enterprises, this paper will seek to establish the best management practices for achieving such high levels. In this respect clear evaluation of Walnut management will be undertaken in all of its management units in UK. To add to that, the study will seek to establish the actual methods that Walnut Club and indeed other small and medium enterprises use to promote their value and brand image. The decision of the consumer is influenced by the role of the brand image of the Walnut club compared to the other clubs in the area.Finally, the study aims at finding out possible missing links in promotion of value and brand image in Walnut and conclude possible ways of enhancing and promoting the same demands in small and medium enterprises. Chapter Two Literature review a) Introduction The overview of the chapter related to the literacy materials is given in this chapter and the brand image promotion related to the small and medium enterprises. It therefore seeks to support the main theoretical principles of consideration in line with the objectives of the study.b) Small and medium size businesses operations Small and medium enterprise is a term mainly used to categorize the size of business units depen ding on different criteria. These businesses are categorized to have the amount of having 50-250 people in the firm in the countries of Europe. In Europe and particularly in EU has standardized the reference of SME while many of other countries globally use different ratings. It is worth noting that globally, SMEs form over 90% of the total number of business units in existence.In EU, about 65 million people are employed by SMEs operating in different sectors. As a comparison with larger business enterprises, SMEs have much higher flexibility both in their internal and external operations when compared to other enterprises. Indeed, this flexibility has been linked with their increased capacity to offer highly personalized services making them to easily win the consumers affection (Tsoukas and Robert, 2002, 74-76; Wren and Storey, 2002, 335-338; Ryan and Hiduke. 2003, 78-81). c) Customer value in small and medium enterprisesSMEs managed over the following years to create its place in the market and compare it with the other personal operations and the management interlinks. Customer value is perhaps the most important aspect of management as it defines a business unit's ability to apply different aspects of management to suit each of the consumers demands at all times. Accel (2004); Bushe (2001, 104-105) indicate that due to the fast rising ability to apply technology at all levels of management, their role in managing consumer demands has greatly increased.The ability to respond to the consumer demands with minimal bureaucracy increases their grip on the customers' loyalty. The core of the SMEs application is the due to the reduced costs and the large amount of credit owing to attract more customers to define the trend and the growth. This has particularly been important in the hospitality industry where consumers are highly sensitive not just to the size of the business unit; the quantity is deferred by the size and quality. The brand is considered as one of the key pillars in determining the road map to success for the different SMEs.Creation of the effective brand helps in creating positive perception and image to the consumers and therefore generate the required competitive capability for the SMEs (Robbins, 2005; Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004, 103; Kennerley et al, 2003, 65-69). Though this aspect application is hard as Fox (2005, 45-48); Donegan (2002, 56-57) indicate, it is mainly based on the overall ability of the management to relate the different aspects of the business operations and the dynamic market demands.At this point, the management should be able to leverage the enterprises' strengths and derive the core values for the staff and the consumers (DuBrin, 2006, 99-102; Goh, 1998, 15-22; Kuratko, 1997, 24-33; Roper and Hewitt-Dundas, 2001, 99-117). This ensures that interlinks between different products and services offered by the business unit are established. The establishment of the brand image for the SMEs is much more e asier and due to the simple strategic decision making and the communications the planning and the decision becomes more easier in both ways for the organization and as well as the management.d) Culture management and change demands for SMEs The organization culture is very essential in the modern business operations. Business image and value is indeed considered to be part of the overall culture where interplay of management and employees’ views, beliefs and trends in their operations dictate the ability to effectively attract customers and maintain high quality of the services offered and customer service.Through operating as a small or medium business unit, it is possible to operate in fewer teams and therefore create a highly cohesive unit to address all the demands for growth It is indeed much easier to cite areas with need for change and view change as part of the overall continuous demand to grow and move rapidly by assuming the names of small and medium. Business opera tions have recently seen a major turn in demand for diverse application of the concepts of management techniques to enhance higher levels of compatibility with the fast growing divergence needs of the consumers.The ability to enhance great levels of diversity that fits the different consumers in particularistic niches creates a competitive advantage over other similar businesses. The notion is indeed very complex with the consumer demands fast evolving with time. However, SMEs have been cited to have an upper hand in their ability to assess and re-invent their products and services to fit their different consumer needs.Though in the past researchers have generated divergent views and failed to establish a standard method for promoting diversity among the SMEs, it is clear that all lines affiliated to consumer products and services design should operate hand in hand to respond to the different consumer needs. e) SMEs and Diversity In bid to effect greater levels of diversity to attra ct and retain the consumers in Walnut, the management established ‘super' ingredients that gave all the foods prepared it a highly organic outlook that has made a must stop center.The general manager of Walnut Sean OToole points out that the diversity of the meals as it has come to be understood about Walnut, always have a new setting that reflects its different dishes that are served at any meal (Walnut Club, 2008). In addition, the management indicates that though consumers may not have the actual taste of the dishes served by the Walnut especially for the first visitors, the display and the setting of the restaurant have left them wishing to get back for similar diverse services.However, the management indicates that careful resources application should be articulated to ensure that funds are employed only to promote profitability (Engwall et al,2005, 228-431; Fan and Phan, 2007, 1121-1125). f) Leadership in SMEs Leadership for small and medium business enterprises is one o f the most important aspects that not only dictates the proposition of value and brand image, but determines their application at different instances. As indicated earlier, the direct notion of an enterprise as a small or medium business derives the necessary impetus to grow and move to the higher levels possible.Clifford (2008, 41-42) and Dettmer, (2003, 51-53) point out that leadership creates the necessity to improve the value of consumers and staff as a major facet that dictates the overall intrinsic image that later manifests itself to the outside community. Taking into consideration the need to stay atop of others and mainly constrained by the resources' availability, leadership of SMEs seeks to enhance better highly integrated system where emergent leaders assimilate different offices with minimal residual effects.It is in this view that SMEs leadership encourages instantaneous skills promotion that seeks relegation, innovation and creativity, and also networking that derives the necessary niche for establishing the best image for the consumers. g) SMEs and Technology demands Technological advancements have been cited as one of the most important tools for the 21st century businesses progression. However, it has been cited to be even more important to the SMEs in that it dictates their ability to widen their general scope within the colonization areas of target.Presently, most of the consumers in the different countries like Britain focus their status on the basis of the image of a given business enterprise (Krake, 2005, 229-331; Merrliee, 2007, 405-409). Under this consideration therefore, use of technology becomes a facilitating instrument and also an element for assessment. Technology as a facilitating agent is used in advertisements that reflect effectively on the types of services and products being offered by the business units and therefore easy value and image assessment by the consumers.On the other hand, the nature of different advertisements directly curves the necessary brand image and value of the consumers. To effectively raise the overall image of the company, the managements of SMES have sought to integrate both high technology and personalized systems to invoke holistic customer satisfaction as part of the overall value in the business unit. Chapter Three Methodology a) Introduction This chapter forms one of the most important sections of a dissertation. It is the actual basis upon which the major objectives of the study and the research question will be evaluated.Johnson (2000, 54-57) points out that the methodology section acts as a major assessment tool for determining the authenticity of the research. In this case, the Walnut club management, employees, and the consumers will form the main consideration which will be used to ascertain the viability of the hypothesis statements. To add to that, this section will offer an inclusive critique of the techniques that will be applied in the study. The major aspects o f this section will include. b) Purpose of the studyPromotion of value and brand image application in the small and medium size enterprises enables them to realize their missions and effectively trace their strategies for profitability and subsequent growth and development (Wong Ho, 2005, 155-162; Mikulecky, 2007, 45-47; National Defense University (N. D. ). 2008; Senge, 1998, 11-12). This application is reflected as a matter of different direct and indirect functions explicit in management through staff operations, perceptions, culture, and customer views.The methodology section will therefore seek to collect the major views and perception from all the stakeholders on the relationship between promotion of value and brand image of Walnut club with its enviable progress. c) Research scope and time frame As indicated earlier in the objectives of this study, the researcher will seek to establish how value and brand image can be promoted in small and medium size enterprises to raise the ir productivity and profitability in their major operations.Therefore, the study will delimit itself to affect the demands of this study to Walnut club in and its main branches in UK. With businesses’ overall value and brand image being indeed very complex, the study will further concentrate its considerations to the staff of Walnut club, and its main consumers to seek their views in relation to the objectives of the study. To effectively cover all the objectives of the study, the researcher will take a period of six months from the day of commencement for the study.Though the time appears to be long, it may turn out to be just enough or indeed much less depending with the cooperation of the respondents. d) Data and data collection Effective research according to Mikulecky (2007), is the one that has the highest capacity to apply the necessary theoretical framework and major demands of modern development with the actual field aspects to assimilate the necessary position for e ffecting growth and development. Data collection methods that are applied by the researcher indeed are the main determinant of the efficiency that will be assimilated by the study.To ensure that this research aligns with the guideline of the research questions and further steered by the objectives, the data collection methods will be designed in a manner that appreciate the nature of the research itself to assimilate the highest possible acceptable outcome. ? Primary data The data will be collected from the staff and then from the customers of the Walnut club, its members and others. The main point of the research is that on the basis of this data and the survey of the primary data conducted the data shall be the main source of information and the only link of the customers and the management.The consumers' role shall also be defined by the survey conducted. Questionnaires shall be constructed and will be used for the different levels of management and the stake holders which shall be assessed in such a manner that that basic information is reserved. It is worth noting that though observation will not be used as part of the data to be analyzed by the study, it will be a key element in supporting the major views and orientation of the study in the discussion section. Â ¦ Secondary dataThe secondary information is required to complete the initiative step of the research and to draw the result effectively of the first phase of the analysis of the survey. Though the main data counted will not be analyzed of the Walnut club, it will still serve as the major outline in the terms of promotion and the brand image in these small and medium enterprises by giving the overall view and picture of the other regions and areas globally. As a result, secondary information will be presented as a form of literature review in chapter two and three of the main dissertation.Particularly, this literature will be assimilated from major libraries, institutions, and other related smal l and medium sized enterprises websites. The literature view acts upon as the major source of the view and this helps in analyzing the data carefully. e) Samples and Sample Selection Due to the size of the Walnut club in nature and categorization, the sample will be small in size and focused to Walnut and its customers only. Therefore, the samples will include the top management, the middle level managers, and the lower level Walnut employees.To ensure better and higher viability of the results, the researcher will employ strategic sampling methods to reduce the levels of bias in the main results. However, it will leave room for random sampling method to adjust or cater for different non responses. f) Measurement and analysis of the results As indicated earlier, this study is qualitative in nature as it will seek to establish how value and image brand can be effectively promoted among the small and medium sized enterprises for growth and development of the business unit.It is from t his notion that the measurements will be developed in a format that is harmonic with the research objectives while taking into consideration of the model that will be employed during its analysis g) Limitation of the study To effectively complete the study, the researcher expects to get the following limitations. To begin with, there is a possibility of non response and late responses from different respondents. This may delay the whole study out of the expected time frame of six months.To address such problems, the researcher will schedule the questionnaires issue and interviews to start early enough during the study. Follow up will also be applied to non response and late responses. The time frame of six months that the research is expected to take is considered to be limiting in that understanding of value and brand image promotion may require more time to intrinsically comprehend its dynamics at all levels.Indeed more time for this research could assist in inclusion and use of a larger sample and review of more literature to give more accurate results. The researcher will ensure that all the available time is utilized maximally to ensure that all aspects of the study are covered. Finally, taking into consideration that Walnut club is an extremely busy business, the researcher expects to get a hard time fixing into their programs to ensure that the study do not interfere with the normal running while maintaining the necessary research standard.

Business Law. Law and Application

Issue Is there a valid contract between Khalid and Siti? Law and Application When Khalid is interested in buying Siti’s painting which she had named â€Å"Hawa†, Khalid met Siti and told her that he will pay her RM5,000 for â€Å"Hawa†. This is an offer. Offer had be defined in S2(a) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal†. Under the Contract Act 1950, a proposal is something which is capable of being converted into an agreement by its acceptance.Moreover, merely giving information is not an offer. For example of Harvey v Facey (1893) case, P telegraphed D – â€Å"Will you sell us Bumber Hall Pen? Telegraph lowest cash price. † D replied, â€Å"Lowest cash price ? 900. † P purported to accept the offer. The court held that price information is merely information. There was no offer to accept. Khalil had given clear information that he want to buy Siti’s painting with the price RM 5, 000, the offer is exist. But Siti said she will think about it. Two weeks after she made her mind that she want to sell the painting to Khalid for RM7,000 not Rm 5,000.This is a counter offer not acceptance. Counter offer had be defined in S6(c) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"by the failure of the acceptor to fulfill a condition precedent to acceptance. † Siti as the offeree makes a count offer revokes the original offer which made by Khalil. Counter offer had also defined in S7(a) Contracts Act 1950 in order to convert a proposal into a promise that acceptance it must â€Å"be absolute and unqualified†. It does refer to the case of Hyde v Wrench (1840), D made an offer to sell his house for ? 1000.P purposely accepted at ? 950 but D refused, P accepted the original offer of ? 1000. The court held that counter offer terminated the original offer. There was nothing to accept. Furthermore, acceptance had be define in S2(b) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted: a proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise†. Thus the original offerror whose offer has been terminated by the offeree’s counter offer can accept or reject the offeree’s counter offer.Khalid said that the price Siti offered was too high and he did not want the painting, means that this is a rejection by Khalid. One week later, Khalid received bonus from his employer. After he got the money to pay so and he immediately contact Siti that he will pay the RM7,000 for â€Å"Hawa†. This is a new counter offer from Khalid. According to S2(a) Contracts Act 1950 â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence , he is said to make a proposal†.But Siti has refused to sell the painting to Khalid with the price RM7, 000; she then said that for the price of her painting has gone up to RM10, 000. This is can counter offer. Conclusion There is no valid contract between Khalil and Siti. The moment that Siti sell her panting for RM 7,000, Khalil had refuse and reject the offer. When he wanted to buy the painting with RM 7, 000, Siti had gone up the price of her painting as RM 10, 000. For the whole â€Å"trade† there is no acceptance exists. There is just exist offer, couter offer and revocation. A contact without acceptance is void, therefor; there is no contract between them.

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Recent Current Event Analysis - Essay Example 3). This was corroborated by U.S. Senator Marco Rubio whose statements during a radio interview on From Washington al Mundos show and was disclosed to expound on â€Å"how access to the Internet empowers individuals and can be used to help promote democracy† (Capitol Hill Cubans). The main argument in the article is that the "Internet use is a less effective means to mobilize citizens for democracy in extremely authoritarian countries† (Science Daily par. 4). As indicated, the relevance of the results focus on supporting the comparative method and the modernization theory which clearly demonstrates that â€Å"there are some countries that currently appear to have the right political and technological mix for the internet to play a role in social and political change. Those countries include Kenya, Senegal, Uganda, Singapore and Zambia. But countries in the survey that are run by highly authoritarian regimes, such as Vietnam and Zimbabwe, are not likely to see democracy flourishing anytime soon, regardless of use of the internet† (Science Daily par. 13 & 14). Under the modernization theory, â€Å"advanced industrial technology produces not only economic growth in developing societies but also other structural and cultural changes† (Armer and Sillis par. 7). One strongly believes that the Internet has actually accorded vast opportunities for transformations that include political change. However, as contended in the article, political change could only be possibly effectively promoted using the Internet when current political structure permits its prolific application. As validated, in countries where complete authoritarian power rules, there are expected restrictions and constraints in accessing the Internet and in freely communicating personal ideas and thoughts – for the precise reasons that these governments preclude its people to plant the seeds of democracy, as could possibly be propagated through the

Diffusion in aluminium alloys, Hot deformation (rolling) of aluminium Dissertation

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Term Paper - Essay Example The main objective of this paper is to analyze the present employment situation in the UK market along with the history of job opportunity before and after the financial crisis in the UK in 2007. The paper is also emphasizing on the role of the government to combat that situation and also discuss about a suitable model for the UK government which can assist them to increase the rate of employment in the country. The recent survey clearly represented the fact that, most of the well-known British companies enrolled lesser number of graduates in 2012 compared to that of 2011. The recent data from the top 100 companies of the UK clearly suggested the fact that slow recruitment rate is the clear indication of sustained economic indecision in the corporate sector which was started during the financial crisis in the year of 2007. The data available from top 100 companies clearly represented the fact that there is 0.8% less graduate-level jobs available in those companies. The most affected sectors are the investment banking and accounting firms. According to Walker, (2013) â€Å"the drop reverses a trend which saw rises of 2.8% and 12.6% in 2011 and 2010, which followed sharp falls amid the global financial crisis in the two previous years. There is mixed news for those leaving university this year and currently buried under applications forms. On a positive note, the companies surveyed said they expected overall vacancies to nudge up by 2.7% this year.† (Walker, 2013). As per the opinion given by several top recruiting agencies, in the recent years most of the vacancies are expected to be filled up by the people who have prior work experience with them. The demand for the experience professional is going to be nearly 50% in case of the law firms and almost 75% in case of the various leading investment banks.  (Walker,2013) Due to the financial crisis and

Objective view of world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Objective view of world - Essay Example Objectivity allows a person to see the world in its true and real sense and make opinions about things or events based on facts and reality. Scientists advise that teenagers must be taught to think objectively in order to make them able to have more realistic view of the world and perceive things truly. Scientists are also trying to know that how boosting of neurons leads to subjective experience. Mathematical principles are used here in this paper in order to better understand the phenomenon of objectivity and subjectivity. Just while mapping routes of the world some generalizations have to be made no matter how accurate the description is provided simultaneously the views of reality differ for every person (McKenna 58). Many researches have been conducted to determine how human senses produce a subjective experience but yet the mystery it is not properly identified. As subjective experience is based on personal belief and perception of person, it is difficult to determine how a per son will react to a new situation. But this is possible in objectivity as this experience stands on strong footings of reality and truth. According to clinical psychologist, Dorothy Rowe the events occurring in a person’s life are not actual but the glimpses or guesswork that our brain perceives regarding the world by interpreting previous occurrences. Every individual is unique depending on the reason that no two persons experience a situation in the same light. Thoughts, images and adaptability are the factors that strengthens our sense of â€Å"self† (Rowe 18). In an article by Samuel, â€Å"How to Get an Objective Point of View†, he discussed that to have success in life it is always necessary to see the world with objectivity and hold an opinion which is based on reality. It is also important that people learn to accept what is truth and do not try to fit the truth with imagination. There is a problem with people who have their own imaginations and they thi nk everything is as good as they believe it to be. But in contrary things are not always as perfect as one considers. People who have an objective view believe that mostly perceptions are different from reality. It was also revealed in Samuel’s research that opinions of people about things and happenings in their own way sometimes lead to frustration and loss of direction. It happens when things do not happen in the way as they should occur according to their own vision. That is why it is important to see things in true context and accept the realities behind every situation. Research also discussed that looking at things with objective view is sometimes taken negative by some people as it allows seeing reality which is bitter at times. But in fact objectivism helps maintaining a balance between what is imagined and what is reality. Research concluded that if people view all the things and events happening in this world objectively, nothing will look terrible or pessimistic. Thinking that everything is normal makes a person feel good and changes experience of life by making it pleasant. In a research â€Å"The View from Nowhere†, Nagel found that each person has its own reasoning for quantifying an event and seeks different view of world. Moreover rise of science in recent years is trying to entirely alter the manner in which people perceive and recognize their position in this world. The comprehension of modern science comprise of mathematical concepts as elaborated by the discipline of physics. Nagal stated that

The Internet history Essay Example for Free

The Internet history Essay The Internet is a network of networks joining many computers together hence providing means for transportation of data and messages across distances and an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other resources. (Roberts, 1967) The history of the internet began way back in 1973 when the U. S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate the techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The main aim of the research was to develop communication protocols which would allow computers that have been networked to communicate transparently across different multiple linked packet networks. This project was called Internetting and the system of networks which emerged from this research done was called the Internet. Hence the protocols which were developed over this research project are known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite that is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). (Dingel, Dutta, Odlyzko, and Sato, 2003). In 1980 to 1981 two other networking projects BITNET (Because Its Time Network) and CSNET were initiated. BITNET adopted the IBM RSCS protocol suite and featured a direct leased line connection between participating sites. The original BITNET connections linked IBM mainframes in university data centers and this rapidly changed as protocol implementations became available for other machines. BITNET has been multi disciplinary in nature with users in all academic areas that also provided a number of unique services to its users. BITNET has established a backbone which uses the TCP/IP protocols with RSCS-based applications running above TCP protocols. By 1985, Internet was already well established as a technology supporting a broad community of researchers and developers, and was beginning to be used by other communities for daily computer communications. Electronic mail was being used broadly across several communities, often with different systems, but interconnection between different mail systems was demonstrating the utility of broad based electronic communications between people. The Internet technology was being experimentally validated and widely used among a subset of computer science researchers, other networks and networking technologies were being pursued. The usefulness of computer networking was demonstrated by DARPA and Department of Defense contractors. (Licklider and Clark, 1962) With the exception of BITNET and USENET, these early networks were intended for closed communities of scholars and hence little pressure for the individual networks to be compatible. In addition there were alternate technologies were being pursued in the commercial sector including XNS from Xerox, DECNet, and IBMs SNA. It remained for the UK’s National Research and Education Network called JANET and U. S. NSFNET programs to explicitly announce their intent to serve the entire higher education community. In 1985 the NSFNET program was started to support wide area networking. The wide area networking infrastructure supports the general academic and research community with the need to develop a strategy that establish such infrastructure. CSNET (Computer Science Network) was initially funded by the National Science Foundation to provide networking for university, industry and government computer science research groups. (Kleinrock, 1964) The CSNET used the Phonenet MMDF protocol for telephone based electronic mail relaying and also pioneered the first use of TCP/IP using commercial public data networks. The CSNET name server provided an early example of a white pages directory service that is still in use at numerous sites. CSNET had approximately two hundred participating sites and international connections to approximately more than fifteen countries at its peak. (Kleinrock, 1976) BITNET and CSNET merged to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CREN) in 1987. By 1991, CSNET service was discontinued having fulfilled its important early role in the provision of academic networking service throughout many academic and government organizations. The U. S.National Science Foundation developed NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) in 1986 today provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. The NSFNET has 45 megabit per second facilities that carries 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. Also, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U. S. Department of Energy and National Science Foundation contributed additional backbone facilities that became heavily involved in internet research and started development of a successor to Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). These branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP/IP Protocol suite. (Coffman and Odlyzko, 2002) Between 1986 and 1988 the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CERN) began installation and operation of TCP/IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems and workstations. They continued to operate a limited self-developed system CERNET internally and several incompatible network protocols externally. There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP/IP but many commercial network providers in the U. S. and Europe are begun to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. By 1989, Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures and thus the AARNet was formed by the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia. During the evolution of internet particularly after 1989, it began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its network backbone. The emphasis in the present internet system is on multiprotocol interworking particularly with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. The public domain and commercial implementations of 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became in existence for both domains. In the early 1990s the OSI protocol implementations also became available and by 1991 the Internet had grown to over five thousand networks in more than three dozen countries and serving over seven thousand host computers used by over four million people. (Coffman and Odlyzko, 1998) A great deal of support for the Internet community has come from the U. S. Federal Government since the Internet was originally part of a federally funded research program and subsequently it has become a major part of the U. S. research infrastructure. In over fifteen year of history, the Internet has functioned as a tool for collaboration among cooperating parties. Some certain key functions have been critical for its operation and by which is the specification of the protocols which the components of the system operate. These were originally developed in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency research program mentioned, but in the last five years the work has been undertaken on a wider basis with support from Government agencies in many countries, industry and the academic community. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983 to guide the evolution of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and to provide research advice to the Internet community. The two primary components that make up the internet activities board are the Internet Engineering Task Force and the Internet Research Task Force. The primary responsibility for further evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite is its standardization with the concurrence of the Internet Activities Board and the integration of other protocols into Internet operation. The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies. A current trend with major implications for the future is the growth of high speed connections in the internet. The internet networks has now gone wireless and has grown rapidly in the past few years such as the use of wi-fi hot spots where one can connect while they are away from the home or office and access the internet. The networks have come along way from using cable to wireless networks hence results to wireless internet access through hot spots. In conclusion the internet has gone wireless now and there is a high demand and usage for internet from the past history. This wireless trend has begun to affect web designers is the growth of smaller devices to connect to the Internet. The Small tablets, pocket Personal Computers, smart phones and even Global Positioning System devices are now capable of tapping into the web and many web pages are now designed to work on that scale. (Cerf and Kahn, 1974). Reference: Cerf, V. Kahn, R. (1974): A protocol for packet network interconnection- IEEE Trans. Comm. Tech. , Vol 5, pp. 598-643 Coffman, K. and Odlyzko, M. (1998): The size and growth rate of the Internet, First Monday 3(10) pp 23-30 Coffman, G. Odlyzko, M. (2002): Growth of the Internet, In Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV B- Systems and Impairments, Academic Press, pp.17-56 Dingel W. , Dutta, K. Odlyzko, M. and Sato, I. (2003): Internet traffic growth- Sources and implications, Optical Transmission Systems and Equipment for WDM Networking II, Vol. 5247, pp. 5-14 Kleinrock, L. (1964): Communication Nets-Stochastic Message Flow and Delay, New York, McGraw-Hill, pp 79-98 Kleinrock, L. (1976): Queueing Systems- Computer Applications, Vol II, New York, John Wiley and Sons, pp 55-98 Licklider, J. and Clark, W. (1962): On-Line Man Computer Communication, pp 43-47 Roberts L (1967): Multiple Computer Networks Intercomputer Communication. ACM Gatlinburg Conf, pp 38-78.

Definition of learning organization culture

Definition of learning organization culture Introduction A learning organization is an organization skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. Ajay Agarwal adds learning in an organization means the continuous testing of experience, and the transformation of that experience into knowledge- accessible to the whole organization, and relevant to its core purpose. Thus, it is derived that learning in an organization sought to continuously improve employees knowledge and unlock the potential of the employees in order to achieve organizations goals. In line with creating efficiency, David Garvin stated that effective learning organization should consist of five learning activities; systematic problem solving, experimentation with new approaches, learning from their own experience and past history, learning from the experiences and best practices of others, and transferring of knowledge quickly and efficiently throughout the organization. Systematic problem solving provides analytical tools eliminating assumptions during problem solving stage. This element insists on solving problems based on information acquired. Experimentation involves the ongoing development of new knowledge with close reliance to innovation of employees. With experimentation, learning from own experience and past history can be done. Employees can learn from their own strengths and weaknesses utilizing the elements for the success of further projects. Learning from others implies the use of others experience and cultivate them into their own thus eliminates the possibility recurrence of failures. Transferring of knowledge is learning through the information of the organization through reports and training and development programme allowing employees to development their skills in line with organizations mission. An effective learning organization will cultivate these activities in developing their employees ensuring maximization of learning. As learning aims directly to provide stable growth in a human, it is inevitable that there are factors that influence the effectiveness of learning organization culture. Sally Sambrook, 2003, categories these in four categories; motivation, HRD, culture and pragmatics. Motivation Psychologically, human behavior towards learning is closely related to the motivation available. Thus, manager plays a vital role in the learning behavior of the employee. Motivation can bring out the enthusiasm of employees to learn effective. Sally Sambrook, 2003, derived the lack of motivation can be due to the following reasons: 1. the lack of time (due to the organisation of work and work pressures); 2. the lack of reward for learning (at the organisational and HR functional level); 3. the lack of enthusiasm in the concept of the learning organisation or training and development in general; and 4. the lack of confidence to learn and/or take responsibility for learning (at a personal level). Thus, the skill of manager in motivating the employees is interrelated to the effectiveness. The involvement of manager in the learning process of the employees can create an interest and define the purpose of learning in the eyes of the employees. HRD In the HRD section, Sally Sambrook, 2003, proposed that often employees lack understanding towards to HRD objectives. Thus, employees had less clarity towards the purpose of learning and the procedures and the objectives in regards to the development plan. The lack of understanding is closely related to the communication of the organization towards the employees. Miscommunication often brings down the learning purpose thus creating confusion and diversified learning environment to the employees. Culture The learning culture of individual reflects the enthusiasm of individual to learn. Individual who possess a learning habit tends to learn things faster. However, employees have the problem in developing this culture. Jones and Hendry, 1992, found that a learning-oriented culture enhances successful learning, whereas it is very difficult to create learning situations in companies with cultures characterised by bureaucracy and inter-functional rivalries and politics. Thus, the capability of organization to develop learning culture will determine the effectiveness of HRD. Pragmatics Sally Sambrook, 2003, identified that the lack of time and HRD resources is the main issue pertaining to the effectiveness of learning. The lack of learning time caused by the work pressure of fulfilling specific task, intervene the time for employees to learn. As a result, employees find little availability towards the actual learning that the organization had implemented. Moreover, the lack of investment in the HRD proves less initiative towards developing the employees. References http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Mku47Rvq95sCpg=PA105dq=jones+and+hendry+1992+learning+oriented+cultureclient=firefox-acd=1#v=onepageq=jones%20and%20hendry%201992%20learning%20oriented%20culturef=false http://www.eclo.org/pages/uploads/File/Non-ECLO%20Publications/Sally%20Sambrook%20Factors%20Influencing%20learning%20in%20Work.pdf http://blip.tv/file/1873772 http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/sturafwu/studium/unicert/012.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/4245649/Building-a-Leaning-Organization-David-Garvin

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape Film Review Film Studies Essay

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape Film Review Film Studies Essay Societys ideological constructs and attitudes towards minority groups are created and reinforced through media imagery. Although negative associations that maintain inequities with regard to race, gender and homophobia (Conner Bejoian, 2006) have been somewhat relieved, disability is still immersed in harmful connotations that restrict and inhibit the life of people with disabilities in our society. Disability has appeared frequently in recent films (Byrd Elliot, 1988), a reflection of societys interest in the subject. These films often misrepresent disability using stereotypes. These stereotypes reinforce negative and incorrect social perceptions of, and attitudes towards, disabled people (Safran, 2000). By studying these films we can begin to reshape the wrong and negative accepted ideas of disability in society. Film analysis can show students how the medium manipulates images which continue stereotypes and cause stigma (Livingstone, 2004). Film can be used to confront students with their prejudices (Chellew, 2000, p.26), challenging them to accept new ways of thinking realising that disability is a result of the social attitudes and expectations placed on certain people by society (Ellis, 2003; Meekosha, 2003). Whats Eating Gilbert Grape is a film by director Lasse Hallstrà ¶m about a young man looking after his developmentally disabled brother and his dysfunctional family in a small American town. This paper will critically examine this movie using Richard Dyers four senses of representation, as cited in Harnett (2000), as a framework. With a focus on the disabled character Arnie, the analysis will identify and discuss the ways the film reinforces limiting stereotypes about disability. Finally, the implications of the analysis for use in an educational setting to raise awareness of the representations identified will be discussed. Re-presentation, as the first sense of representation, refers to how television or other visual media re-present our society back to us (Dyer cited in Harnett, 2000). Through the use of artistic expression and technical elements neither true reality nor an entirely false account is portrayed. Dyer states that reality is always more extensive and complicated than any system of representation can comprehend (Titchkosky, 2003, p. 134). In societys media, the world is generally simplified or typically presented in a way that is most beneficial for the medium. The presence of disability in a film is often used for storytelling (Raynor and Hayward, 2009). In Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, Arnies disability is constructed as an emphasis of the film. The film relies greatly on the dramatic power of the disability alone (p. 23) to move the narrative forward. The selection and focus of particular aspects of Arnies life and his disability are used to explain his actions and evoke reactions from the audience. For example, when his fear of jumping in the water is overcome, it creates a feel-good factor. Also, the focus on his inability to cope, generates a sense of pity from the audience such as in one particular scene when Gilbert leaves Arnie to get out of the bath by himself, only to discover him still in the bath, cold and shivering, in the morning. Dyers second sense of representation refers to the application of common stereotypes that have been recognised for characters with disabilities in film. These stereotypes create one dimensional characters with limited emotions, where the disability comes first and the person second, justifying differential treatment and segregation (Black, 2004). Some of the negative representations identified by Safran (2000) as stereotypical for disabled characters will now be applied to the character of Arnie. As mentioned above, the portrayal of Arnies character demands a feeling of pity from the audience. This stereotype communicates disability as a problem of social, physical and emotional confinement (Hayes Black, 2003, p.114). In Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, Arnie has no friends and is restricted to the confines of the porch of his family home. Whenever he tries to escape (usually to the water tower), he is ultimately returned back to this position of subordination under the care of others, which is typical of this stereotype (Hayes Black, 2003). A most common stereotype depicted of disabled characters is that of a super-man (Safran, 2000) or supercrip (Harnett, 2000), where a disabled character overcomes massive odds to beat or succeed in defeating their disability to become normal. The character is often seen as a hero to have made such progress. Although Arnie does not reflect a hero status, his character is beating his disability by the very fact that he is still alive. In the opening scenes of the movie, Gilberts narration lets the audience know that doctors said wed be lucky if Arnie lived to be ten, well ten came and went (Matalon, Ohlsson, Teper Hallstrà ¶m, 1993), implying Arnies triumph over tragedy. He defies death that would be otherwise be brought about by his disability. Although not a thematic stereotype reinforced throughout this whole film, it is typical of a disabled character to be represented as a victim or object of violence (Safran, 2000). At the climax of the film, Gilberts overwhelming frustration and anger of his life situation overflows into a violent episode directed at Arnie. On occasions throughout the film, Arnie is portrayed as an innocent a victim or object of violence from his younger sister and, in this rare case mentioned above, from his brother Gilbert. Another stereotype of disability presented, albeit only slightly, however still present, is that of being laughable (Safran, 2000) or the disability creating an atmosphere of curiosity that is aroused by differentness. This stereotype is usually more prevalent in comics, horror movies or science fiction films and related to physical impairments, which often portray disabled characters as freaks and exotic creatures (Smith, 1999). However, in Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, its Arnies unusual actions within the community that attracts attention. When he is perched high up on the water tower ladder, it becomes a fascination to many onlookers, who crowd below the tower to observe the spectacle with curiosity, as Smith (1999) puts it, his abnormal behaviour is exploited as it would a carnival sideshow (p. 42). The most prevalent stereotype of a disabled character represented in Whats Eating Gilbert Grape is the stereotype of a burden. This representation is the major narrative driving force. In the opening scenes, referring to Arnie, Gilbert quotes some days you want him live, some days you dont (Matalon, Ohlsson, Teper Hallstrà ¶m, 1993), reflecting the huge burden that is placed on the Grape family, particularly Gilbert, to care for his disabled brother. The burden of Arnie is also extended to the community, where the local police have to continuously retrieve Arnie from the ladder of the towns water tower. Dyers third sense of representation of refers to the representation of who is speaking for whom (Harnett, 2000). Whats Eating Gilbert Grape is written by an able-bodied writer, directed by an able-bodied director and has a disabled character acted by, Leonardo Di Caprio, an able-bodied actor. On a study into disabled actors, Raynor and Hayward (2007) discuss how disabled actors work is restricted to disabled character roles and suggest their struggle to find work is partly due to able-bodies actors being cast in those roles. Marks (1999) suggests the reason for not employing disabled people is that it is reassuring for the viewer to know that its only pretend' (p. 160). In Whats Eating Gilbert Grape the audience knows Leonardo Di Caprio is not really disabled, he presents as non-threatening and comforting, perhaps allowing the audience to relieve fears or ignore the reality of disability. Dyers fourth sense of representation questions how the represented image is interpreted by the audience (Harnett, 2000). It refers to how the intended meaning by those who produce the film can be lost or skewed when observed from a different point of view. When Peter Hedges, the writer of Whats Eating Gilbert Grape comments on his wishes for the film he states I would hope that people might view their fellow beings with more empathy, more compassion and a desire to understand (Malony, 2002, p.10). Although an encouraging and optimistic aspiration, the perspective of the film from people with disabilities would certainly be different. The discussion above demonstrates that the representations of disability in Whats Eating Gilbert Grape generates themes of incapability and total dependence on others to survive- Arnie cannot live without Gilbert, and Gilbert is stuck caring for Arnie indefinitely. By analysing the representations of disability presented in Whats Eating Gilbert Grape we can clearly see the negative associations put forward. Livingstone (2004) suggests that as educators we can use such inaccuracies and stereotypical images as assets rather than liabilities (p.119). By studying the ways disabilities are represented in films students can develop awareness of specific disability imagery (Safran, 2000, p.46) and learn about what the causes the stigma and lack of inclusion that haunt the disabled community. Safran (2000) insists when using films in education, it must be done with focused, reflective viewing (p.46) which promotes critical engagement, helping students question the cultural ideals created by the prevailing constructions offered in film (Arndt, 2010). An appropriate educational setting for the use of analysing Whats Eating Gilbert Grape would be in high school. Feldman states (cited in Arndt, 2010) that high school students are able to think beyond the concrete, current situation to what might or could be. Specifically, an effective starting point of a critical analysis with students would involve the deconstruction (Safran, 1998) of Arnies character, identifying the stereotypes portrayed and exploring correct representations of developmental disability. The reaction of the community to Arnie and his disability would also be beneficial to examine. Students would explore how the community views Arnie and what attitudes would be more appropriate to promote acceptance and inclusion. Using films to teach are effective because they are a highly motivational (Brown, 2005; Chellew, 2000) due to their entertainment factor. Whats Eating Gilbert Grape is a popular film with popular actors, and would interest high school aged students. Despite its portrayal of recognised negative stereotypes of disability Safran (1998) admits, it can still be useful in the classroom. The acknowledgment of such stereotypes and prejudices against people with disabilities will help students unlearn (Connor Bejoian, 2006, p. 59) the perceptions and attitudes which justify the differential treatment of a minority group. Through looking at our media, particularly film, it is essential for us to reshape pre-existing views (Chellew, 2000, p. 28) by breaking down the robust ideological attitudes of disability that continue to restrict, inhibit and exclude.

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essays -- Trif

Feminimity and Masculinity in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Works Cited Not Included Trifles, a one-act play, written by Susan Glaspell, has an interesting plot about an abusive husband?s murder at the hands of his abused wife on a secluded farm in the Midwest (Russell, pg. 1). The opening scene of the play gives us a great deal of information about the people of the play and their opinions. The play portrays the ways in which men treated women during this time period. The men in the reading reflected a male-oriented society, which caused the women feelings of repression and unappreciation. Throughout the play the actions of Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Hale, and Mrs. Peters resemble that of Greek mythology, where three sisters controlled the fate of men (Russell, pg. 1). The setting in which the majority of the action takes place is the kitchen. The room is described as ? a gloomy kitchen?-unwashed pans under the sink, a loaf of bread outside the bread-box, a dish-towel on the table-and other signs of uncompleted works?(Roberts and Jones, pg.1150). This description should alert the reader immediately that something is wrong. In the time when this play was taking place, the woman?s sole responsibility was to keep the house in order. Everything I have read from this time period has portrayed the house as a very clean and organized place for the man to come home to. It was supposed to be a place for rest and relaxation. The fact that Mrs. Wright?s kitchen was in such disarray, symbolizes that something was troubling her. In the paragraph describing the scene it is told that the people entered the kitchen in the order of the sheriff, the county attorney, and Hale. The sheriff?s wife and Mrs. Hale followed behind the men, entering last... ...h some of her own. ?Mrs. Hale symbolically claims her position as the person who spins the thread of life,? (Russell, pg. 1) relating back to Greek mythology. When the men continue to joke about Mrs. Wright?s intention ?to quilt or just knot? it evokes a defensive response in Mrs. Hale which seems to warn them not to tempt fate. The play ends with the women leaving the house without conveying what they had learned to the men. They felt justified in making a decision not to tell because of the condescending attitudes of the men. Their choice was to do what was legally right and report their findings, or to conceal the truth and vindicate all women (Kearns, pg. 1). Mrs. Hale snatches the box from Mrs. Peters and puts it in the pocket of her big coat to conceal it. The women have no intentions of revealing their finds, and seem to protect Mrs. Wright to the end.

Al Capone Biography :: Biography

â€Å"By Instinct Capone Was A Heartless Mindless Killer†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Considered the most notorious gangster in history, Alphonse Capone, otherwise known as Scarface Al, was born in New York, 1899, in a small apartment in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. Having many run-ins with the police growing up, he was always around the local street gang led my Johnny Torrio. After beating one of his sixth grade teachers, he quit school, and quickly learned the way of the streets, joining the Torrio gang, call the James Street Gang. James Street also included Lucky Luciano, one of Capone’s best friends, who would later also become a notorious gangster (Internet 1, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As he grew older, Capone was hired by the gang leader, Torrio, to be a bouncer at a bar in Brooklyn, taking his first step up the â€Å"gang ladder†. One night, Capone’s cheek was slashed during a fight at the bar over a girl. It was from then on he was known as Scarface. Later in his life, when asked by reporters where he got this scare, he often lied of serving in the â€Å"Lost Battalion† in WWI, even though he never served in the military (Internet 1, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon Enough, Capone was in trouble in again. He had killed a man in an argument and was on the run. After calling his old friend Torrio, he was invited to come to Chicago   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barfoot 2 and make a fresh start. At the time, Torrio was working for his uncle, the current leader of the Chicago underground, Big Jim Colosimo. With the prohibition came possibilities for large alcohol based profits. Torrio knew that Big Jim could make extremely large amounts of money, but Colosimo could not be persuaded to try his hand. So, in 1920, Torrio had Capone plan and carry out the murder of Big Jim, making Torrio the new boss of Chicago, with Capone as his right hand man, and manager of bootlegging alcohol (Internet 3, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As they started their completer takeover of Chicago, few mobs would put up any resistance. One that did was the Irish North Side gang. Capone soon called in Frankie Yale, one of his old gang mates from Brooklyn, and the same man that had done the Colosimo assassination, to murder Dion O’Banion, the head of the North side gang. His death did little to persuade the gang to back down, and they continued to fight on and off for a few years.

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion :: Evolution

Evolutionary Theory: The Relationship Between Science and Religion In "The Selfish Gene" (1), Dawkins introduced the concept of replicating units of information, called "memes". They compete for our minds and our hearts, replicating in society in the form of fairy tales, catchy tunes, moral codes and theories. One of the most prolific struggles today occurs between the titanic memes of Science and Religion. While their relationship is complex, its historical trajectory is one of co-evolution, mapping the gradual accumulation of adaptive responses to each other. As these stories change, so too do our networks of meaning. Uneasy bedfellows In considering the Christian faith (not more important than any other, but one that I am familiar with), the role of religion is typically perceived as one of moral guidance. Before science arrived on the scene in the West, however, religion also served an explanatory function, as through the Bible's story of creation. This role did not fade into the background when a fledgling science was first established. As a matter of fact, scientific endeavors were appropriated by natural theologians funded by the Church (for example, through the 19th century Bridgewater Treatises (2)) to prove the existence of God through the manifestations of intelligent design in nature. Gradually, science began to develop its own philosophy and methodologies. It even began to provide new answers to the "how" questions that religion had previously addressed. Then came evolution. In 1859, the publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species" (3) held a magnifying glass to the fissure that had been growing. The two giants found themselves playing with different sets of rules. Revelation and faith, fundamental 'methodologies' in religion, were simply unacceptable to science. Lovers' spat Although religion relegated control of explanation and began to focus on spirituality and values, the conflict is far from resolved. Dawkins (4), like many other proponents of science, simply believes that religion is obsolete. Learning and knowledge, he argues, will clear the cobwebs in our minds that gave rise to religion in the first place. Others have proposed science as a new agnostic religion (5) and moral system (6), praising its commitment to evidence and philosophy of deduction. Those in agreement have raised their own Big Questions (7) from within the ranks of the natural and social sciences, as well as the humanities. Discussions in the World Question Centre (8), for example, range from democracy and complexity to sustainability and fear.

Whirlpool: Maintaining a Sustainable Competition in the Industry

The U.S. appliance market was completely saturated in 1986. Increased pressure from other companies like GE who implemented a $1 billion restructuring project on its appliance division, and Electrolux, a company that just inherited WCI and hence became a huge presence within the U.S., gave the Whirlpool top management concern on how to stay competitive. Whirlpool knew that the three main markets for home appliance were in the U.S., Europe and Japan. The U.S. market, as previously stated was saturated. Most U.S. appliance purchases were replacement purchases, which did not allow for much add-ons. This made the U.S. a battleground for intense marketing and increased pressures to cut costs dramatically. The unsaturated European market had more potential in 1986. Europe had a large market share in 1986 that analysts suspected would last well into 1993. Europe also had more potential for innovation and add-ons as opposed to simply replacement appliances like those of the United States. One concern over Europe, however, was that it was extremely fragmented and hence not easy to achieve economies of scale. Japan, the last player was also a site for potential growth. It was a smaller market than Europe, however, and there was already a strong presence of Japanese appliance manufacturers there. Whirlpool considered pursuing a joint venture with Phillips, an internationally established company. Phillips has an established appliance department, but Phillips wanted to concentrate its efforts on other projects like welding, energy cable and furniture. Phillips was willing to spin-off its appliance division and to give Whirlpool a certain percentage of the new company. Based on the fact that Whirlpool wants to remain a competitive player in the appliance industry, it should pursue international expansion and clench the first mover advantage over GE while increasing pressure on Electrolux. Whirlpool should go along with the Phillips joint venture due to Phillip†s strong international presence and its strong appliance division. Whirlpool should consider concentrating on expansion in Europe. The countries may be fragmented, but there is evidence that there is increased future collaboration amongst the countries and their purchasing decisions. Furthermore, Whirlpool can cut costs by vertically integrating its components and changing only the exterior of the appliances if need be.

Mies Van Der Rohe and the Sense of Space

Intro From the mid 17th-century to the early 20th-century, after the renaissance and the enlightenment thought, the world again experienced a flourishing revolution throughout almost all the realm including architecture, culture etc. , initiating many different movements. As a response to the declining aristocracy and the rising bourgeoisie, the neo-classicism began to spring up to accommodate the new institutions of bourgeois society through the re-adoption of antique doctrines. Modern Architecture: A Critical History P12) Although it acts as an introspection of the over-elaboration of architectural language in Rococo interiors of Ancien Regime and the secularization of Enlightenment thought (Modern Architecture: A Critical History P12), architects cannot simply be sufficed with the fact a reverence for the classical past (Pragmatism and Modern Architecture, William G. Ramroth P31) They started to discover the fundamental morality of the building. (The artless word P96) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, as one of the most â€Å"Zeigeist† architects in the biography of modern architecture, began his career under this ultimate paradox era. Now we scale our eyes down to the three projects successively done by Mies van der Rohe during the 1920s, that is the Brick Country House, the Wolf House, and the Barcelona Pavilion, through which, we can follow the penetration of Mies’ ideological transformation from the neoclassicism to the modernism, to trace the differences between them. Fan of skyscraper P2 Only skyscrapers under construction reveal the bold constructive thoughts. Mies van der Rohe, published in Fruhlicht, 1, no. 4(1922) 122-124 Mies Intro â€Å"The idealistic principle of order†¦with its over emphasis on the ideal and formal, satisfies neither our interest in simple reality nor our practical commonsense. † –Philip Johnson, Mies van der Rohe, New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1947, p. 194 In a Hegelian sense, Mies conceiv ed of the â€Å"Zeigeist† as a driving force in history infused in and identified with technology. – Mies_van_der_Rohe_The_Genealogy_of_Column_and_Wall P44 He claimed that â€Å"Technology is rooted in the past. It dominates the present and tends into the future. † Mies believed that the linear progression of technology would surpass its practical dimension to become â€Å"something that has a meaning and powerful form. † – Conrads, Ulrich, Programs and Manifestoes on 20th Century Century Architecture MIT Press 1975 P154 This monism initiates an architectural discourse which rejects â€Å"all aesthetic, all doctrine and all formalism,† and restores architecture â€Å"to what it should exclusively be: building. † -Mies van der Rohe, â€Å"Aphorisms on Architecture Form† uoted by Johnson, Philip C. , Mies van der Rohe(New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1947), P 188-189 â€Å"Essentially our task is to free the practice of building from the control of aesthetic speculators and restore it to what it should exclusively be: building. † -Mies van der Rohe, â€Å"Aphorisms on Architecture Form† quoted by Johnson, Philip C. , Mies van der Rohe(N ew York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1947), P 188-189 The renovation of the building art from its foundation up had to begin with the reestablishment of a fundamental morality of building. As its apostle, Mies entered the debate. Part of his program was, first of all, the rejection of a past, that had, after World War I, experienced a total collapse, a â€Å"heroic finale†. The purging of the building art from this history of decline began with a rejection of all aesthetic and symbolic references and contents. The clenched fist spoke, as it were, in the rhythmically insistent verdict of Mies: â€Å"Any aesthetic speculation, any doctrine, and any formalism we reject. † -the artless word P96-97

Global Beer Market Trends Essay

At the turn of the century, the top 10 brewers accounted for just over one-third of global beer sales volumes. The past decade has seen a rapid consolidation, resulting in the top four brewers – Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, Heineken and Carlsberg – accounting for almost 50% of beer sales volumes and up to 75% of the global profit pool2. Consolidation has continued in the past 12 months with further transactions in Mexico and China. As the pace of consolidation slows in the future, organic volume growth is expected to come from developing markets along with value creation opportunities in developed markets. Alcohol trends Category trends show a dichotomy between developing and developed beer markets. With incomes rising in emerging markets, consumers have shifted from informal, often commoditised, unregulated forms of alcohol to aspirational, attractively branded and safer beer products. The period from 1999 to 2008 saw commercially produced beer increasing its share of total alcohol consumption in emerging markets by over 800 bps from 32. 8% in 1999 to 41. 2% in 2008 on a pure alcohol basis. The same period saw a moderate decline in developed markets to 35. 2% in 2008. The economic crisis caused an overall downturn in 2009 – one that was further exacerbated by government fiscal pressures leading to increases in beer excise and other taxation in order to raise funds. The consequent consumer price increases have constrained beer volume growth while favouring unregulated forms of alcohol. As the global economy improves, rising incomes continue to be a significant factor in developing beer markets as the category grows at the expense of illicit, high-alcohol spirits. In Africa, Latin America and Asia in particular, the rise in consumption is closely correlated to population and income growth3. Beer growth trends Over the past five years the beer category has maintained a compound average growth rate (CAGR) of 3. 5% globally. However, this reflects two very different pictures in emerging and developed markets with emerging markets growing at an average rate of 6. 8% while developed markets declined by 3. 4%. The largest contributors to this growth have been China (now the world’s largest beer market), Africa and Eastern Europe. Given the economic pressures, total global beer consumption grew by less than 1% in 2009. That said, strong growth trends continued in some key emerging markets. China recorded an increase of over 7%, despite being hampered by heavy snow and wet weather that affected consumer demand. Africa experienced robust growth of 4%, driven by Angola, DR Congo, Mozambique and Nigeria. In Eastern Europe, certain beer markets contracted in 2009 as rising unemployment and declining on-premise consumption halted growth. Regulatory challenges created further headwinds in markets such as Russia and the beer market there declined 6% as a result. Macroeconomic indicators improved in some markets in the last three months of 2009. However, the drivers of beer consumption such as falling unemployment and rising consumption expenditure are expected to lag behind the recoveries in GDP. North America, hit hard in 2009 by high unemployment, particularly among men of beer-drinking age, is expected to see only slight growth. Globally, the beer market is expected to grow by 1. 5% in 2010, led by a continuing strong performance in Asia, Africa and Latin America. China is expected to grow by 6. 5%, Africa by 3. 1% and Latin America by almost 3%. Western Europe is expected to continue the trend of declining beer volumes, driven by a shift in consumption to other beverages and the decline of on-premise consumption. Looking further ahead to 2014, the top 15 growth markets are forecast to deliver compounded annual growth of 3%. China is expected to account for more than 45% of this growth with the USA, Vietnam, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Mexico and Peru making up most of the balance. Beer segment trends Across consumer goods sectors in general, the trend towards premiumisation accelerated in the past decade but slowed in the last 18 months as economic conditions worsened and consumers reverted to mainstream and economy segments. As economies improve, the trend towards premium will resume as consumers become more willing to pay for authentic, more image-oriented brands that reflect their socio-economic and lifestyle aspirations. The premiumisation trend has not altered the fact that beer remains very much a local beverage in terms of both production and consumer brand preferences. International brands account for just over 6% of the world’s beer consumption and this proportion has changed little over the last 10 years. Rather, what has happened is that urbanisation and a growing middle class in emerging markets have led to the growth of local premium brands. These offer premium packaging, positioning and variety, but are sold at a price accessible to many more consumers than international imported products. The resulting scale and higher profit margins make this a very attractive industry segment. 1. All data sourced from Canadean unless otherwise noted. 2. BofAMerrilLynch report: Investing in Global Brewers 19 April 2010. Canadean, Internal analysis. Principal risks The principal risks facing the group, which have been considered by the board, are detailed below. The group’s well-developed risk management process is detailed in the corporate governance section of the Annual Report and our financial risks are discussed in the Chief Financial Officer’s review and in note 22 to the consolidated financial statements. Risk: Industry consolidation Context? The global brewing industry is expected to continue to consolidate, albeit more slowly, creating opportunities to enter attractive growth markets and realise synergy benefits from integration and to leverage global scale. Risk? Failure to participate in value-adding transactions; overpaying for a transaction; and failure to implement integration plans successfully after transactions are completed. Possible impact? Lower growth rate, profitability and financial returns. Mitigation 3. Potential transactions are subject to rigorous analysis. Only opportunities with potential to create value are pursued. 4. Proven integration processes, procedures and practices are applied to deliver expected returns. 5. Activities to deliver synergies and leverage scale are in place, monitored closely and continuously enhanced. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably Risk: Change in consumer preferences Context? Consumer tastes and behaviours are constantly evolving and competitor activity is increasing and becoming more sophisticated. Strong brand portfolios together with excellence in marketing and sales execution are required if we are to meet consumer, shopper and customer needs. Risk? Failure to ensure the attractiveness of our brands; failure to continuously improve our marketing and related sales capability to deliver consumer relevant propositions. Possible impact? Market positions come under pressure, lower volume growth rates and profitability. Mitigation 6. Ongoing focus on building our marketing and sales capabilities through continued roll-out and enhancement of the SABMiller Marketing Way. 7. Ensuring that our brand equities remain strong through relevant innovation and compelling marketing programmes. 8. Ongoing evaluation of our brand portfolios in every market to ensure that they target current and future opportunities for profitable growth. Associated strategic priorities * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. Risk: Management capability impairment Context? We believe that our people are our enduring advantage. It is essential therefore that we identify, develop and retain global management capability. Risk? Failure to develop and maintain a sufficient cadre of talented management. Possible impact? Potential lower long-term profitable growth. Mitigation 9. Effective and well-developed strategic people resourcing and talent management processes. 10. A strong culture of accountability, empowerment and personal development. 11. Standardisation of key processes and best practices across the group through the roll-out of the SABMiller Ways. Associated strategic priorities * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. Risk: Regulatory changes Context ? The alcohol industry is coming under increasing pressure from regulators, NGOs and tax authorities as the debate over alcohol consumption continues in many markets. Risk? Regulation places increasing restrictions on pricing (including tax), availability and marketing of beer and drives changes in consumption behaviour. Possible impact? Lower profitability growth and reduced contribution to local communities in some countries. Mitigation 12. Rigorous adherence to the principle of self-regulation backed by appropriate policies and management review. 13. Constructive engagement with government and all external stakeholders on alcohol-related issues. 14. Investment to improve the economic and social impact of our businesses in local communities and working in partnership with governments and NGOs. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Risk: Raw material volatility * Context ? Recent volatility in the supply and pricing in some of our key raw materials. * Risk? Failure to obtain an adequate supply of brewing and packaging raw materials at competitive prices. * Possible impact? Lower profitability and occasional supply disruption. Mitigation 15. Contractual agreements with suppliers covering multiple time horizons, combined with an active hedging programme. 16. Programmes to support development of local sourcing for certain key commodities, such as barley, in Africa, India and Latin America. Associated strategic priorities * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. * Risk: Economic environment * Context ? Recent global recession with weak GDP growth projected in 2010. Uncertain economic growth and rising unemployment have resulted in weak consumer demand which has, in some cases, been compounded by currency weakness. * Risk? Our marketing, operating and financial responses may not be timely or adequate to respond to changing consumer demand. * Possible impact? Lower short-term growth rates and profitability. Mitigation 17. Actions to restructure operations in certain countries to reflect current or expected deterioration in local economic conditions. 18. Maintaining and extending our local industry leadership positions through appropriate investments in our brands, focus on local execution and development of commercial capability. 19. Increased emphasis on cash flow management. Associated strategic priorities * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses. * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market. * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Risk: Delivering transformation * Context ? The group has begun executing a major business capability programme that will simplify processes, reduce costs and allow local management teams to enhance focus on their markets. * Risk? Failure to execute and derive benefits from the projects currently under way. Mitigation 20. Senior leadership closely involved in monitoring progress and in making key decisions. 21. Rigorous programme management and governance processes with dedicated resources. Associated strategic priorities * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably. * Leveraging our skills and global scale. * * Possible impact? Increased project costs, business disruption and reduced competitive advantage in the medium term.

Online Dating sites Essay

You’ve heard of tinder, POF, christianmingle.com, and match.com. These websites claim to find you perfect matches. They say love is right around the corner with their website. These websites make it so you, the searcher, has the opportunity to meet tens of hundreds of women in search for that special person that will steal your heart. These dating sites have become huge in today’s society in meeting new people. Dating sites were a good idea back in the day. However, if you go to google and search the word online personals you will find the online dating scene has evolved. There are roughly 15 million so called dating sites today and that number rises daily. A law suit was filed against Yahoo a few years ago stating the web site deliberately and intentionally created false or non-existing profiles to make matches for their clients to keep them interested in the dating scene. Customers would pay a monthly fee to try and find their match or women of their dreams. Meanwhile, yahoo was making false profiles to make people believe they had finally found that special person or had a potential match and paying a fortune to keep them around. In 1996 Yahoo tried to get the courts to dismiss the complaint on grounds that it was barred by the CDA or Communications Decency Act. This act was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet. The courts rejected the argument and stated that yahoo would have to become an information content provider. (Miller, 2014) Another dating site by the name of Match.com had a similar lawsuit filed against them. This company however took it to the next level. The have hired employees who would do something called a date bait. These employees would send bogus emails back and forth with customers and would even go on actual dates with these people. An employee stated, â€Å"They had gone on as many as 300 dates a month.† The employees would do this to keep customers paying for the use of their website. (Miller, 2014) This lawsuit has yet to be resolved and Match.com remains the leading online matchmaker to this day. I had a friend who had just gotten out of a very long relationship and wanted to get back out there  and start dating. Her problem was she had been out of the dating scene for so long she honestly did not know where to even start. She decided she would try out one of these so called dating sites and see if they actually worked. She told me that she did the site for about two weeks. During these two weeks she received hundreds of messages from creepy guys looking to hook up. She told me, â€Å"Half of the guys I messaged weren’t even real people.† What she meant by this was that the people she messaged were automated, not real, and responded to every request they received to try and get money out of you. An article in the Huffington Post stated, â€Å"A model is suing Match.com for 1.5 million dollars.† The model is suing Match.com because the website allowed ove r 200 fake profiles be made using her pictures. The people creating these profiles with her pictures are talking to people and actually getting to know them and then asking them for money for multiple reasons. Some people are actually sending the money and being scammed as the person they are talking to is never heard from again. Online dating has evolved immensely since the 1990’s. It used to be a credible source to meet people and go on actual dates. Now a days, in the 2010’s, any mention of online dating is usually mentioned because someone tried scamming you out of money from Nigeria or some other country. Lawsuits are being filed all of the time on the websites because people are being scammed but the websites are winning because you agree to terms and agreements. What this does is make you, the customer, liable for any actions that partake after signing up for the website. In closing, the world of online dating is a scary one. It is quickly evolving into a large scam. Lawsuits are being filed daily against these sites but there is nothing that can be done as we, the customers, are at fault. People are never who they appear to be online. References Communications Decency Act. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2014, from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Communications_Decency_Act.html Miller, R., & Miller, R. (2014). 12. In Business law today: Text & summarized cases : Diverse, ethical, online, and global environment (10th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Scherker, A. (2013, November 25). This Model Is Suing Match.com For $1.5 Billion. Retrieved November 16, 2014, from